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    METHODS FOR GENERATING A THREE-DIMENSIONAL SIMULATION GRID FOR A RESERVOIR MODEL, AND FOR SIMULATING A RESERVOIR, SIMULATION GRIDING APPLIANCE, RESERVOIR SIMULATOR, AND PROGRAM STORAGE DEVICE. A method and apparatus for generating a simulation grid for a reservoir model based on a geological model that comprises horizons, limitations and multiple geological grid cells. A pre-image is generated corresponding to the cells of the geological grid, the pre-image is generated corresponding to the cells of the geological grid, the pre-image comprising a surface and the modeling limits being mapped on the surface. The limited two-dimensional grid is generated over the pre-image, and the two-dimensional grid comprises multiple grid cells. Borders of the simulation layers are selected from the geological model and the limited two-dimensional grid is projected on the borders of the simulation layers. Prismatic cells are then generated to form the three-dimensional simulation grid. The method for generating a grid described here can be incorporated into existing reservoir simulators to improve its accuracy.
    公开号:BR112012009045B1
    申请号:R112012009045-3
    申请日:2010-07-28
    公开日:2020-12-08
    发明作者:Larisa V. Branets；Elena Kartasheva；Igor Krasnogorov；Valery Kubyak；Xiaohui Wu
    申请人:Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    CROSS REFERENCE ON THE REQUEST
    [0001] This application claims the benefits of United States of America provisional patent application 61 / 260,589, filed on November 12, 2009, entitled “Method and Apparatus for Reservoir Modeling and Simulation”. FIELD
    [0002] The aspects disclosed here relate to a method and apparatus for reservoir modeling and / or reservoir simulation, particularly, but not exclusively, with a method and apparatus for generating a grid for a reservoir model. FUNDAMENTALS
    [0003] This section is intended to provide an introduction to the various aspects of the technique that may be associated with the modalities of the revealed techniques. This comment is believed to support providing an overview to facilitate a better understanding of the particular aspects of the techniques revealed. Consequently, this section should be read within this conception and not necessarily as an approach to the prior art.
    [0004] Over the past decades, numerous technological advances in the oil industry have improved the success rate in the discovery of reserves, developing the activity and improving the recovery of hydrocarbons from the existing reserves. In addition, advances in computing capacity have enabled geologists and engineers to model reservoirs with improved precision. Various technologies have been developed to understand a prospective reservoir by providing geological and reservoir information at different scales ranging from a few inches (for example, in analysis of rock samples) to tens of meters horizontally and a few meters vertically (seismic image data ).
    [0005] The construction of reservoir models has become a crucial step in resource development since reservoir modeling allows the integration of all available data in combination with a geological model. One of the challenges of reservoir modeling is the accurate representation of the geometry of the reservoir, which includes structural compartmentalization, which can include larger deposition surfaces that are almost horizontal, (also known as horizons), fault surfaces which can have arbitrary spatial size and orientations, and detailed stratigraphic layers. Figure 1 illustrates a complex reservoir geometry that contains numerous fault surfaces that deviate from the vertical direction.
    [0006] A structural compartmentalisation outlines the larger components of the reservoir and is almost always used to model the volumes of fluids located in the reservoir and the movement of fluids during production. It is therefore extremely useful that the structural compartmentation is modeled accurately. However, currently, the modeling of structural compartments for practical reservoir modeling has been hindered by difficulties in generating an appropriate grid. Specific challenges in the generation of a grid for a structural compartmentation arise from the complexity of the geometry of the subsurface structures of the reservoir. The typical aspect ratio of the dimensions of a reservoir (horizontal dimension in relation to vertical) can have several orders of magnitude. As a consequence, the aspect ratio of the grid cells is usually between 10 and 100.
    [0007] Prismatic or Voronoi 2.5 D grids, constructed by projecting or extruding a 2 D Voronoi grid and in a vertical or close to vertical direction, are widely accepted in reservoir simulations (see, for example, WO 2008 / 150325). Prismatic grid cells can be easily limited to resolve boundaries of horizons or stratigraphic layers. Voronoi grids are much more flexible and adaptable than grids structured at curve points that are commonly used in reservoir simulators. Voronoi grids generally require few grid cells to represent and simulate geometry compared to grids structured on conventional curve points. This reduces the computing power and, at the same time, the accuracy of the models is not compromised. However, in complex reservoir geometries where the fault surfaces deviate from the vertical plane, generating a grid with limited precision, they still present problems and, as a result, the accuracy of the reservoir models for complex reservoir geometries is still compromised.
    [0008] "Efficient and accurate reservoir modeling using adaptive gridding with global scale-up", by Branets et al., SPE 118946 (2009), reveals techniques for generating an adaptive limiting 2.5 D Voronoi grid.
    [0009] U.S. Patent No. 6,106,561 discloses a railing simulation method and an apparatus that includes a structured area grader adapted for use in a reservoir simulator. This disclosure concerns the generation of a structured 2.5D grid based on segmented coordinate lines. Coordinate lines are vertical or near-vertical lines that approximate the geometry of the fault surface. A 2D area grid is projected along the coordinate lines to form a 2.5D prismatic grid. This railing method is not suitable for working with complex fault systems or strongly deviated faults (from the vertical), as this results in unacceptable grids including external cells and vertices outside the model domain. Structured grids also generally require a lot of computing power to solve the reservoir model and, therefore, these grids are not suitable for simulating large reservoirs that comprise multiple structural failures.
    [0010] "Challenges and technologies in reservoir modeling", by Branets et al., Communications in Computational Physics, Volume 6, Number 1, pages 1 - 23, reveals an overview of technology in reservoir modeling, grid generation, adaptation grids and updated global scale methods and describes the use of Delaunay triangulation and Voronoi grid generation in reservoir modeling. WO 2009/079088 is aimed at forming a prismatic grid and solving a diffusion-convention problem using prismatic grids and mixed finite element analysis.
    [0011] The aspects disclosed here are intended to avoid or at least mitigate the problems described above and / or provide improvements in general. SUMMARY
    [0012] A method is provided as defined in any of the accompanying claims.
    [0013] In particular, a method is provided to generate a three-dimensional simulation grid for a reservoir model comprising: providing a geological model containing horizons, boundaries and multiple geological grid cells; build a pre-image that corresponds to the cells of the geological grid, said pre-image comprising a surface, and said modeling limits being mapped on said surface; generating a two-dimensional grid limited on the pre-image, and the two-dimensional grid comprising multiple grid cells; select the boundaries of the simulation layers of the said geological model and design the limited two-dimensional grid on said boundaries of the simulation layers; generate prismatic cells to form a three-dimensional simulation grid; and supply the three-dimensional simulation grid as an output.
    [0014] The grid is therefore effectively constructed from a pre-image that contains the limits of the geological model. This allows faults to be precisely represented by the grid.
    [0015] According to the aspects and methodologies, the pre-image can be constructed by selecting a parametric space that corresponds with a base horizon. The parametric space can comprise multiple vertices. The vertices can be moved to correspond with the location of the limits of the geological model. The limits can be approximated in the three-dimensional space of a geological model and the limits can be mapped on the pre-image. The pre-image can be adjusted to match the limits. The edges of the pre-image grid are coupled to match the pre-image boundaries. The pre-image can be constructed from the definition of a continuous surface of the base horizon through one or more faults, smoothing the continuous base horizon, and projecting the continuous base horizon onto a plane to form the pre image, and the pre-image including multiple vertices. The vertices of the base horizon faults can be merged to indicate the fault vertices over the continuous base horizon. The vertices of the faults on the surface of the continuous base horizon can be positioned equidistant from the intersections of the base horizon on either side of the fault. The continuous base horizon can be smoothed by moving one or more vertices in the k-direction of the geological model. The base horizon can be projected vertically on a plane to form the pre-image. The limited two-dimensional grid can be generated over the pre-image. Two-dimensional grid cells can include identifiers that correspond to the grid cells of the geological model. The grid cells can be projected along the k-direction lines of the geological grid cells. The limits can include internal limits and / or external limits, and these limits include the modeling limits for the generation of the simulation grid that represents the subsurface reservoir elements. The internal boundaries can be included in the geological model. The outer limits can include auxiliary modeling limits for the geological model. Hydrocarbons in a hydrocarbon reservoir can be managed using the three-dimensional simulation grid.
    [0016] In another modality, a simulation railing device is provided to generate a grid for a reservoir model that comprises the following characteristics, and that can be computer-based: a geological model that comprises horizons, limits and multiple geological grid cells; a pre-image that corresponds to the cells of the geological grid, and said pre-image comprising a surface, with the modeling boundaries being mapped over the surface; a generator for generating a limited two-dimensional grid over the pre-image, and the two-dimensional grid comprising multiple grid cells; a selector to select the borders of the simulation layers from the geological model and a projector to project the limited two-dimensional grid on the borders of the simulation layers; a generator to generate prismatic cells to form the three-dimensional simulation grid; a protractor for transferring the reservoir properties to the three-dimensional simulation grid; a definer to define the state variables and / or state parameters for each grid cell in the three-dimensional simulation grid; and a processor to simulate the chemical and physical processes related to the production of hydrocarbons in the three-dimensional simulation grid.
    [0017] According to the methodologies and techniques, the cells of the two-dimensional grid can include identifiers that correspond with the cells of the grid of the geological model. The limits can include at least one of the internal limits and one of the external limits. The internal limits can include modeling limits for the generation of the simulation grid that represents the subsurface reservoir elements. The outer limits can include auxiliary modeling limits for the reservoir.
    [0018] A reservoir simulator is provided. The reservoir simulator includes a railing device that has: a geological model that comprises horizons, boundaries and multiple geological grid cells; a pre-image that corresponds to the cells of the geological grid, and the pre-image comprises a surface, and the modeling boundaries are mapped over the surface; a generator for generating a limited two-dimensional grid on the pre-image, and the two-dimensional grid comprising multiple grid cells; borders of the simulation layers selected from the geological model and a projector to project the limited two-dimensional grid on the said borders of the simulation layers; and a generator to generate prismatic cells from the two-dimensional grid to form the three-dimensional simulation grid. The reservoir simulator also includes a computer-based transfer means for transferring the reservoir properties to the three-dimensional simulation grid, and a processor to simulate the chemical and physical processes related to the production of hydrocarbons in the three-dimensional simulation grid, based on the state variables and / or state parameters of each cell in the three-dimensional simulation grid.
    [0019] A program storage device is provided. The program storage device is machine readable which tangibly incorporates a program of instructions executable by the machine. The instructions include: a code to provide a geological model that comprises horizons, boundaries and multiple geological grid cells; code to build a pre-image that corresponds with the geological grid cells, and said pre-image comprising a surface, and said modeling limits being mapped on said surface; code to generate a limited two-dimensional grid over the pre-image, and the two-dimensional grid comprising multiple grid cells; code to select boundaries of the simulation layers from the said geological model and to project the limited two-dimensional grid on the said borders of the simulation layers; and a code to generate prismatic cells from the two-dimensional grid to form the three-dimensional simulation grid. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
    [0020] The revealed aspects and their advantages will now be described in greater detail by means of examples only and with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
    [0021] Figure 1 shows a diagrammatic view of a complex structural compartmentalization of a reservoir;
    [0022] Figure 2 and shows a diagrammatic flowchart of the steps of a method according to the revealed aspects;
    [0023] Figures 3A - 3C show a diagrammatic view of a base horizon, its corresponding parametric space, and its final pre-image;
    [0024] Figures 4A and 4B show a modification of the pre-image;
    [0025] Figures 5A and 5B show the simplification of the original limits as simplified limits;
    [0026] Figures 6A and 6B show the modification of an original pre-image by the coincidence of the edges of the parametric space with the simplified limits of the pre-image;
    [0027] Figures 7A and 7B show a base horizon and its vertical or pre-image projection;
    [0028] Figures 8A and 8B show a smoothed pre-image surface and its vertical or pre-image projection;
    [0029] Figures 9A - 9E show the projection of a two-dimensional grid on a border of a simulation layer;
    [0030] Figure 10 is a block diagram illustrating a computer arrangement;
    [0031] Figure 11 is a block diagram of a machine-readable code;
    [0032] Figure 12 is a side sectional view of the hydrocarbon management activity; and
    [0033] Figure 13 is a flow chart of a method for extracting hydrocarbons from an underground region. DETAILED DESCRIPTION
    [0034] The breadth of the description that follows is specific to a particular modality or for a particular use, and is intended to be illustrative only and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention.
    [0035] Some parts of the detailed description that follows are presented in terms of procedures, steps, logic blocks, processing and other symbolic representations of operations on binary data inside a memory in a computer system or in a computing device. These descriptions and representations are the means used by those more versed in the data processing technique to transmit, more effectively, the substance of their work to others more versed in the technique. In this detailed description, a procedure, step, logic block, process, or the like, is designed to be a sequence of steps or self-consistent instructions that lead to a desired result. The steps are those that require physical manipulation of physical quantities. Usually, although not necessarily, these quantities take the form of electrical, magnetic or optical signals capable of being stored, transferred, combined, compared, or otherwise manipulated. It has been proven, several times, mainly for reasons of common use, to refer to these signs as bits, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms, numbers, or similar.
    [0036] Unless specifically stated otherwise, as they appear in the comments that follow, terms such as "provide", "build", "generate", "select", "design", "move", "calculate "," model "," transfer "," define "," process "," simulate "," form "," execute "," map "," result "," approximate "," adjust "," match ", "soften", "merge", "locate", "assign", "manage", or the like, can refer to an action and processes of a computer system, or other electronic devices, that transform data (electronic, magnetic , or optical) represented as physical quantities within an electrical storage device in other data similarly represented as physical quantities within a memory, or in a transmission or on display devices. These and similar terms are to be associated with other appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels applied to these quantities.
    [0037] The modalities disclosed here also relate to an apparatus to perform the referred operations. These devices can be specially built for the required purposes, or they can comprise a general-purpose computer selectively activated or reconfigured by a computer program or code stored on the computer. Such a computer program or code can be stored or encoded on computer-readable media or implanted on some type of transmission media. Computer-readable media includes any media or mechanism for storing or transmitting information in a machine-readable form, such as a computer ("machine" and "computer" are used interchangeably). As an example, but without limitation, a computer-readable medium may include a computer-readable storage medium (for example, a read-only ROM (from the English acronym for Read Only Memory), random access RAM (from acronym in English for Random Access Memory), magnetic disk storage media, optical storage media, pulse memory devices, etc.). A transmission medium can be a pair of coiled cables, a coaxial cable, an optical fiber, or any other transmission medium suitable for transmitting signals such as electrical, optical, acoustic or other forms of propagating signals. (for example, carrier waves, infrared signals, digital signals, etc.).
    [0038] In addition, modules, characteristics, attributes, methodologies and other aspects can be implemented as a program, equipment, instructions on chips or any combination between them. Whenever a component of the invention is deployed as a program, the component can be deployed as an isolated program, or as part of a larger program, or as a plurality of separate programs, such as a statically or dynamically linked library, as a module loadable kernel, as a trigger device, and / or in any form known today or in the future by those more versed in computer programming techniques. In addition, the invention is not limited in its implementation by any specific operating system or equipment arrangement.
    [0039] As a result, for ease of reference, certain terms used in this application and their meanings as used in this context are specified below. The breadth of a term used here is not defined below, but it should be attributed to the broadest interpretation given to the term by the people most versed in the relevant technique in at least one printed publication or published patent.
    [0040] As used here, "show" includes the direct act that causes the presentation, as well as any indirect act that facilitates the presentation. Indirect acts include providing a program to an end user, maintaining a web site through which a user is able to change a screen, connecting directly to that web site, or cooperating or sharing with any entity that performs such direct actions or indirect. Therefore, a first party can operate independently or in cooperation with a third party, a vendor, to enable the reference signal to be generated on a display device. The display device may include any appropriate device for displaying the reference image, such as, but not limited to, a CRT monitor, an LCD monitor, a plasma device, a flat panel device, or a printer. The display device may include a device that has already been calibrated through the use of any proposed conventional program to be used to assess, correct and / or improve the performance of the monitor. (for example, a color monitor that has been adjusted by a monitor calibration program). Rather than (or in addition to) displaying the reference image on a screen device, a method, consistent with the invention, may include providing a reference image to a user. "Providing a reference image" may include creating or distributing the reference image to the user by physical, telephone, or electronic means, providing network access to the reference, or creating or distributing a program to the user configured to run on the user's workstation or computer that contains the reference image. In one example, providing the reference image may involve enabling the user to obtain the reference image in the form of a physical copy via a printer. For example, information, program, and / or instructions that could be transmitted (for example, electronically or physically via a data storage device or a physical copy) and / or otherwise be available (for example, via a network) in order to facilitate the user to use a printer and print the reference image as a physical copy. In such an example, the printer may be a printer that has already been calibrated using any conventional program intended to be used in evaluating, correcting, and / or improving print results (for example, a color printer that has been adjusted using the color correction program).
    [0041] As used herein, "exemplar" is used exclusively to mean "to serve as an example, case, or illustration". Any aspect described here as "exemplary" is not necessarily to be understood as preferred or advantageous over other aspects.
    [0042] As used herein, "hydrocarbon reservoirs" includes reservoirs containing any hydrocarbon substance, including, for example, one or more of any of the following: oil (almost always referred to as petroleum), natural gas, condensed gas, tar and bitumen.
    [0043] As used herein, "hydrocarbon management" or "managing hydrocarbons" includes hydrocarbon extraction, hydrocarbon production, hydrocarbon exploration, identification of the potential of hydrocarbon reserves, identification of well locations, determination of injection and / or well extraction speeds, identification of reservoir connectivity, acquisition, sale and / or abandonment of hydrocarbon reserves, review of previous hydrocarbon management decisions, and any other acts or activities related to Hydrocarbons.
    [0044] As used herein, "machine-readable media" refers to a medium that participates directly or indirectly in the provision of signals, instructions and / or data. A machine-readable media can take the form, which includes, but does not is limited to, non-volatile media (eg, ROM, disk) and volatile media (RAM). Common forms of machine-readable media include, but are not limited to, a floppy disk, a floppy disk, a hard disk, a magnetic tape, other magnetic media, a CD-ROM, other optical media, perforable card, paper tape, other physical media with hole patterns, a RAM, a ROM, an EPROM, a FLASH-EPROM, or another card or chip memory, a pen-drive, and other means from which a computer, processor, or other electronic device can read.
    [0045] As used here, "geological model" is a representation of a subsurface volume of the Earth in three dimensions. The geological model is preferably represented by a structured three-dimensional grid. The geological model can be computer based.
    [0046] As used here, "pre-image" is a surface representation of the aerial geometry of a geological model.
    [0047] As used here, "grid cell" or "3D grid cell" is a unit block that defines a part of the reservoir's three-dimensional model. In such a way, the three-dimensional reservoir model can include a number of grid cells, ranging from tens and hundreds to thousands and millions of grid cells. Each grid cell can represent a specifically located part of the three-dimensional reservoir model. A complete set of grid cells can constitute a grid that forms the geological model that represents the volume of interest in the Earth's subsurface. Each grid cell preferably corresponds to a portion of the subsurface.
    [0048] As used here, a "grid" is a set of grid cells.
    [0049] As used herein, "limits" are the conditions for choosing data elements in which designated areas of interest can be identified. The limits comprise modeling limits for the generation of the simulation grid that represents the characteristics of the reservoir subsurface that are important for the flow simulation and, consequently, should be incorporated into the simulation model. The limits consist of internal limits and external limits. Internal limits comprise failures, modeling limits, and horizons. External limits comprise modeling limits for the generation of the simulation grid that are auxiliary to the geological model. External boundaries comprise wells and several area lines.
    [0050] As used here, a "limited grid" is a grid that conforms to the modeling limits. For example, a large boundary to a fault should accurately represent the surface of the fault with the faces of the grid cells, that is, some of the faces of the grid cells are limited to fit the surface of the fault.
    [0051] As used here, a "structured grid" is a grid in which each cell can be identified by indices in two dimensions (i, j) or in three dimensions (i, j, k). All cells in a structural grid have a similar shape and the same number of vertices (nodes), edges and faces. In this way, the topological structure of the grid (that is, the boundaries and adjacent relationships between cells, faces, edges and vertices) is fully defined by indexing (for example, cell (i, j) is adjacent to cells (i + n, j + m) with n = - 1, 1 for m = 0 and = - 1, 1 for n = 0). The most commonly used structured grids are Cartesian or radial grids in which each cell has four edges in two dimensions or six faces in three dimensions.
    [0052] As used here, an "unstructured grid" is a grid that does not have a regular structure (indexing), so its topological relations (limits, adjacencies, etc.) have to be stored, for example, connectivity matrices for each list of cells, their faces, edges, and vertices. Unstructured grid cells may or may not be of a similar geometric shape.
    [0053] As used here, a "horizon" is a horizontal section or a slice of time in a 3D volume of geological data.
    [0054] As used here, a "zone" is a volume between two horizons and some lateral limits that may or may not coincide with the limits of the model.
    [0055] As used here, a "prismatic cell" is a three-dimensional cell that is constructed by projecting or extruding a two-dimensional cell, that is, a three-sided polygon to form a polyhedron. The resulting polyhedron has two n-sided polygonal faces connected by n-faces of parallelograms.
    [0056] As used here, "a parametric space" is the indexing space of a structured grid.
    [0057] As used here, a "knot" is a point on a grid where the continuity of mass and momentum is conserved.
    [0058] As used here, a "fault" is a break in the Earth's layers and in the surfaces where observed displacements intersect.
    [0059] As used here, "smoothing" refers to modifying the placement of one or more vertices to enhance a grid without changing the grid's connectivity.
    [0060] This disclosure solves the problem of generating an unstructured three-dimensional grid in the three-dimensional domain with internal characteristics that enable the modeling of the faults, borders and limits of a structured compartmentation with greater precision. The improved precision of the grid with respect to these elements in turn improves the resolution of faults, borders and their intersections in conventional reservoir models.
    [0061] Traditionally, geological models have consisted of maps, and, given a geological model, a simulation model was built from the geological model. However, conventionally, reservoir engineers directly modified the simulation model instead of updating the underlying geological model. Many different algorithms have been proposed to automatically perform the grating task. However, nowadays, none of the conventional railing models are adapted to provide an adequate resolution that allows to simulate faults in subsurface reservoirs properly. There is currently a growing demand for a better and more integrated approach to reservoir modeling.
    [0062] According to the revealed methodologies and techniques, a grid for a reservoir model is generated in a number of steps as illustrated in Figure 2. First, a geological model is provided (10) comprising horizons, limits and multiple cells of geological grid. A pre-image is constructed that corresponds to the geological grid cells (12). The pre-image comprises a two-dimensional surface, and the modeling limits of the geological model are mapped onto the two-dimensional surface. A limited two-dimensional grid is generated over the pre-image (14), with the two-dimensional grid comprising multiple limited grid cells. Simulation layer boundaries are selected based on the geological grid cells and / or horizons of the geological model to define the division of the spaces between the horizons (16). The limited two-dimensional grid is projected on the simulation layers; and the prismatic cells are generated to form the grid (20).
    [0063] Methodologies and techniques can be computer based in the form of a program or software. The improved methods for grating as revealed support an interactive process for modifying the underlying geological model and accommodating modifications to the simulation model faster than currently possible.
    [0064] The revealed aspects provide a method to generate a grid for the reservoir model that comprises multiple geological grid cells and multiple horizons and limits. The first step is to build a pre-image that comprises a two-dimensional surface in a three-dimensional space containing all the modeling limits mapped on the pre-image. The limited two-dimensional grid is generated over the pre-image to form a two-dimensional grid comprising multiple grid cells. Different two-dimensional grids can be generated on the same pre-image for different zones based on the rock properties of each zone and limits. Each limited two-dimensional grid is then mapped or projected over the boundaries of the simulation layers or horizons within the zone assigned to it and the prismatic cells are generated for each zone. Prismatic cells that are below the uptake level based on thickness or volume can be fused geometrically with neighboring prismatic cells during the generation of prismatic cells. The divided faces of the prismatic cells are computed along the fault surfaces and on the horizon limits of a zone between two two-dimensional grids mapped from the corresponding zones, which ends the generation of a three-dimensional grid for the entire model. Having grids of different areas in different zones of the model allows more precise assembly of the vertical variation of the rock trends in an area and the properties of fluids, as well as to incorporate engineering characteristics such as those of wells and other limits located inside a zone
    [0065] A characteristic of the methodologies and techniques is the construction of a pre-image that comprises all the limits of the modeling including failures and limits of the reservoir that are all mapped on it. Since the pre-image is used as an input for two-dimensional area grating, the pre-image must accurately represent the real three-dimensional geometry of horizons, faults and other limits.
    [0066] In another aspect, a method is provided to build a pre-image by selecting a parametric space that corresponds with a base horizon, and the metric space comprising a two-dimensional indexed grid. The base horizon is selected based on the complexity of the horizons and can cover the extent of the entire area of the reservoir model
    [0067] Being an indexed space in two dimensions (i, j), the parametric space grid reflects the topology of the grid that represents the base horizon. To ensure the accurate representation of the real geometry of the model, the vertices of the parametric space grid are moved to correspond with the location of the limits of the geological model. As the location of the vertices corresponds with the location of the model limits, this ensures an accurate modeling of the faults, since the grid is positioned in such a way that the faults are adequately covered by the grid structure. This results in an improved resolution of the model with respect to failures. In Figure 3A, a base horizon 30 is shown. Figure 3B represents the corresponding parametric space 32, and Figure 3C shows the final pre-image 34 that is constructed by moving the vertices or nodes to correspond with the location of the boundaries in the basic horizon of the geological model.
    [0068] The pre-image is constructed by modifying the grid of the parametric space by a vertex movement to achieve consistency with the original geometry of the horizontal surface limits in three dimensions of the geological model. This is illustrated in Figure 4A, which shows a pre-image comprising a boundary modified by the apex movement. The vertex 42 that represents limits in the pre-image is moved to eliminate the effect of stairs in the grid of the parametric space. The movement of vertices is located inside the fissures of adjacent cells, and causes local distortion in the cells of the pre-image. The movement of the vertices is performed automatically.
    [0069] The limits are represented on a fine scale in the geological model. To ensure efficient use of computation time, the grid corresponding to the limits is preferably simplified and approximated on a coarser scale of the simulation of the grid cells. This simplification reduces the number of grid points. In one aspect, the number of grid points can be selectively reduced to ensure adequate model resolution in the fault areas and / or areas of interest. The limits can be simplified or approximated in a three-dimensional space on the surface of the base horizon. After simplification or approximation, the limits are mapped on the pre-image. The effect of the approximation is illustrated in Figure 5A, which shows the limits in the pre-image before simplification. Figure 5B shows the limits after simplification.
    [0070] However, roughly approximate limits may not be fully consistent with the fine-scale representation of the edges of the pre-image grid edges. Therefore, adjustments can be made to the pre-image to improve grid accuracy and subsequent simulation results. For this purpose, the boundary edges of the parametric grid are forced to match the geometry of the coarse boundaries of the pre-image. This is illustrated in Figures 6A and 6B. Figure 6A shows the parametric grid and Figure 6B shows the modified parametric grid, in which the edges of the edges were forced to match the new geometry of the coarse limits of the pre-image. The modified parametric grid can be further smoothed to minimize cell distortion.
    [0071] In summary, a basic horizon of the geological model provides the basis for a pre-image through its parametric space. Once the pre-image is obtained, the pre-image is modified to represent the boundaries that correspond to the geometry in three dimensions. The parametric space of the pre-image is modified by the movement of the vertices to achieve consistency with the original geometry of the limits on the horizon. In the geological model, the limits are represented on a fine scale. To simplify and approximate this scale to a coarser scale of the simulation of the grid notes, the limits are simplified in the three-dimensional space of the base horizon and are subsequently mapped over the pre-image. Following this step, the pre-image is adjusted to ensure consistency with the approximate limits, by the forced movement of the edge edges of the space to coincide with the geometry of the roughly modified limits on the pre-image.
    [0072] In another embodiment, the pre-image can be constructed by defining a continuous surface of the base horizon through a gap and forming the base surface of the pre-image there. The continuous base horizon can be smoothed and then projected onto a plane to form the pre-image. This is an alternative way of constructing the pre-image that also results in an improved grid resolution around the flaws of the geological model.
    [0073] The base horizon is considered to be a continuous surface through the fault as shown in Figure 7A to form a pre-image surface. The vertices of the corresponding faults of the base horizon grid on both sides of the fault are merged and located on the pre-image in the middle trace of the fault, which is an equidistant position of the unmodified grid on both sides of the fault. As the base horizon is considered to be a continuous surface through the fault, the fault vertices are grouped on the surface. The vertical projection of the continuous base horizon is shown in Figure 7B.
    [0074] The projection may not be useful as a pre-image since it is a highly non-uniform grid as evidenced by the elongated cells near the fault. If the failure is a reverse failure, the cells can even be folded. To achieve an acceptable pre-image in the vertical projection, the two-dimensional grid of the surface of the pre-image is smoothed and unfolded. During smoothing, the vertices of the grid are released to move in three-dimensional directions, but only along the k directions of the grid of the geological model (along the pillars). This can be achieved by using a global smoothing technique as a technique that is described has "A variational grid optimization methos based on local cell quality metric", Branets LV, Doctoral Thesis, University of Texas, 2005. The pre-image The resulting smoothed image is shown in Figure 8A, which shows the smoothed pre-image surface. Figure 8B shows a vertical projection of the smoothed pre-image surface that forms the pre-image.
    [0075] Once the pre-image is built, a limited two-dimensional grid is built on top of it. Several known techniques for building grids can be applied. For example, the grid can be constructed by approximating the limits and internal characteristics of the pre-image with poly-lines, by building a grid not limited by the Delaunay triangulation for the image, by modifying the Delaunay triangulation to conform the sides of the triangles with the poly-lines, and by correcting the modified limited triangulation to bring it into alignment with the limits.
    [0076] WO 2008/150325 reveals more details of the generation of limited two-dimensional grid. To further improve the consistency between the two-dimensional grid and the current three-dimensional horizon geometry, it may be preferable to use the curvature information of the base horizon to generate the two-dimensional grid on the pre-image. The limited two-dimensional grid is then projected over the boundaries of the simulation layers or horizons. The boundaries of the simulation layers are chosen based on the horizons and / or grid cells of the geological model to subdivide the volume between the layered horizons of the simulation grid. For each volume bounded by two horizons, the limits of simulation layers can be defined by specifying top compliance, bottom compliance, or proportional layer style where the boundaries of the simulation layers will correspondingly repeat the shape of the top of the horizon , from the horizon background, or divide the volume proportionally. Alternatively, the boundaries of the simulation layers can be defined in terms of layers of the geological grid cells by specifying the geological grid layers that must be combined with a simulation layer. The layers are preferably stacked in the k direction. Figures 9A - 9E illustrate the projection of a cell of a limited two-dimensional grid over the boundary of a simulation layer. Figure 9A shows a grid cell that includes the center of the cell. The limited two-dimensional grid is built on the pre-image and, therefore, for each vertex and cell center of the limited two-dimensional grid, a cell of the pre-image containing this vertex can be determined (Figure 9B) and the local coordinates ∑, μ of this vertex inside the pre-image cell (Figure 9C). Since the pre-image is formed from the parametric space of the base horizon, the cells of the pre-image can be uniquely identified with the cells of the k-columns of the structured grid of the geological model. Within each of these k-columns the limits of simulation layers were identified (Figure 9D). Therefore, using the cell of the pre-image (Figure 9B) and the local coordinates of its interior (Figure 9C), each vertex or cell center of each cell of the bounded grid (Figure 9A) can be projected at all boundaries of the layers simulation inside the corresponding k-column of the grid cells of the geological model (Figure 9E).
    [0077] Once the two-dimensional grid is projected over all the boundaries of simulation layers, the prismatic grid cells can be built using conventional techniques. For example, prismatic cells can be generated column by column by connecting the faces of cells that have corresponding column numbers. Prismatic cells that are below the uptake level based on thickness or volume can be geometrically fused with neighboring prismatic cells during the generation of prismatic cells. The divided faces of the cells are computed along the fault surfaces over the horizons of the zone boundaries if the grid was generated by zones using a separate two-dimensional grid for each zone.
    [0078] The projection of the area of the simulation grid or along the k-columns of the geological model grid ensures an improved consistency between the resulting simulation grid and the underlying geological model. For example, this facilitates the transfer of the properties of rocks and fluids from the geological model over the simulation grid by providing a more accurate and efficient way to evaluate the relationships of the geometric content between the cells of the simulation grid and the cells of the geological model. In this way, the pre-image is constructed precisely close to the three-dimensional geometry of the base horizon and the modeling limits, and the coordinate lines of the geological model are used as projection directions. This ensures consistency between the geological model and that of the simulation, in contrast to conventional methods, where the pre-image is derived as a horizontal plane on which the horizon or base model boundaries are projected vertically. Conventional methods cannot, therefore, work with complex deviation faults or reverse faults.
    [0079] Figure 10 illustrates a computer system 90 in which programs to perform processing operations related to aspects of the revealed methodologies and techniques can be deployed. A central processing unit (CPU for the Central Processing Unit) is attached to the system. CPU 91 can be any general-purpose CPU or application-specific CPU. The disclosed aspects are not limited by the architecture of the CPU 91 or other components of the computer system 90. The CPU can execute the various logical instructions for carrying out the processes according to the exemplary operational flow chart described together with the methods disclosed herein. For example, CPU 91 can execute machine-level instructions, or machine-readable code to execute the blocks or operational steps of Figure 2 shown here.
    [0080] Computer system 90 may include one or more machine-readable media as a random access memory (RAM) 92. RAM 92 can store system and user data and programs, such as a computer program product containing codes to execute the methods of the aspects, methodologies and techniques revealed here. The computer system also includes an input / output adapter (I / O, for Input / Output) 93, a network adapter 94, and an adapter / card for image processing 95. The computer system 90 it may also include an output device such as a printer or monitor 97, to show or otherwise visually provide the result of one or more parts of the disclosed methods.
    [0081] Figure 11 depicts a representation of a machine-readable tangible media 110 that incorporates a machine-readable code that can be used in a computer system such as computer system 90. In block 111, a code is provided to provide a geological model that comprises horizons, boundaries and multiple geological grid cells. In block 112, a code is provided to construct a pre-image that corresponds to the cells of the geological grid, and the pre-image comprising a surface, and the modeling limits being mapped on the surface. In block 113, a code is provided to generate a limited two-dimensional grid in the pre-image, and the two-dimensional grid comprising multiple grid cells. In block 114, a code is provided to select the boundaries of the simulation layers from the geological model and to project the limited two-dimensional grid on the boundaries of the simulation layers. In block 115, a code is provided to generate prismatic cells from the limited two-dimensional grid to form the three-dimensional simulation grid. In block 116, an exit code for the three-dimensional simulation grid can be provided. The codes to perform or execute other characteristics and all aspects and methodologies revealed can also be provided. These additional codes are represented in Figure 11 by block 117, and can be located in any position and within the machine-readable code, according to computer code programming techniques.
    [0082] The aspects disclosed here can be used to perform hydrocarbon management activities. For example, the method for generating a grid, as described here, can be incorporated into existing reservoir simulators to improve the accuracy of existing reservoir models. In reservoir simulators, the mathematical equations that describe the physical flow of fluids in a reservoir are solved using a computer. Generally the equations can be ordinary differential equations and / or partial differential equations. As means to solve such equations numerically, there are known finite element methods, finite differential methods, finite volume methods and the like. Regardless of which method is used to numerically solve model equations, a grid is generated, as described above, based on the physical system or the geological model, and state variables that vary in space across the model are represented sets of values for each cell. State variables related to reservoir rock properties such as porosity and permeability are typically assumed to be constant within a grid cell. Other state variables such as flow pressure and phase saturation are specified at specific points which here are called "nodes", within the cell. A reservoir model and a reservoir simulator can thus be derived from a geological model by generating a grid as previously described, dimensioning or transferring the properties of the geological model to the generated grid, defining the state variables and / or the parameters of the state for each cell in the grid, and processing the grid using an appropriate processor to simulate the flow of hydrocarbons in the grid, over time, according to the boundary conditions of the reservoir.
    [0083] As another example of hydrocarbon management activity, aspects revealed here can be used to assist in the extraction of hydrocarbons from a region or subsurface reservoir, which is indicated by reference number 120 in Figure 12. A method for extract and hydrocarbons from a subsurface reservoir 120 is shown in Figure 13. In block 132 inputs are received from a numerical model, a geological model, or flow simulation from a subsurface region, where the model or simulation was built or improved using the methods and aspects revealed here. In block 134, the presence and / or location of hydrocarbons in the subsurface region is foreseen, or alternatively a location for the extraction can be planned or estimated. In block 136, hydrocarbon extraction is conducted to remove hydrocarbons from the subsurface region, which can be achieved by drilling a well 122 using an oil drilling rig 124 (Figure 12). Other hydrocarbon management activities can be performed according to known principles.
    [0084] Therefore, a method was provided to generate an unstructured grid and the reservoir simulation method, together with their respective devices. An advantage is that a more accurate model of complex subsurface reservoirs has been provided that comprises flaws. This is believed to provide an important advance in reservoir modeling.
    权利要求:
    Claims (15)
    [0001]
    1. Computer-implemented method to generate a three-dimensional simulation grid for a reservoir model, comprising: a) providing (10) a geological model comprising horizons, boundaries and multiple geological grid cells representing a three-dimensional grid structured with the columns- k of cells; b) build (12) a pre-image corresponding to the geological grid cells, said pre-image comprising a surface representative of a geometry of the geological model area, said modeling limits being mapped on said surface; c) generate (14) a limited two-dimensional grid on the pre-image, the limited two-dimensional grid comprising multiple grid cells, two-dimensional grid cells including identifiers that correspond to the geological grid cells; d) select (16) simulation layer boundaries from said geological model, identify simulation layer boundaries within each k-column and design (18) each vertex or cell center for each of the two-dimensional grid cells in said boundaries of simulation layers within the corresponding k-column; e) generate (20) prismatic cells from the two-dimensional grid to form the three-dimensional simulation grid along k-columns of the structured three-dimensional grid of the geological model; and f) providing the three-dimensional simulation grid as an output, characterized by the fact that the pre-image is constructed by: g) defining a continuous surface of a base horizon through one or more faults; h) smoothing the said continuous base horizon; and i) projecting said continuous base horizon onto a plane to form the pre-image, and the pre-image comprising multiple vertices.
    [0002]
    2. Method according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that the fault vertices of the base horizon are fused to position said vertices on said continuous base horizon.
    [0003]
    3. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the fault vertices on the continuous surface of the base horizon are positioned equidistant from the intersections of the base horizon fault on either side of the fault.
    [0004]
    4. Method according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that the continuous base horizon is smoothed by the movement of one or more vertices in the k-direction of the geological model.
    [0005]
    5. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the limited two-dimensional grid is the first limited two-dimensional grid, and additionally comprises one or more additional limited two-dimensional grids that are generated in the pre-image, each limited two-dimensional grid being assigned to a model zone.
    [0006]
    6. Method according to claim 5, characterized in that prismatic cells are generated in separate zones of the model from separate limited two-dimensional grids.
    [0007]
    7. Method according to claim 6, characterized in that the divided faces of the prismatic cells from different zones of the model are calculated on the horizons that separate said zones.
    [0008]
    8. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the prismatic cells that are below the uptake level of the uptake level based on thickness or volume are geometrically fused with the neighboring prismatic cells.
    [0009]
    9. Method according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that the divided faces of the prismatic cells are computed along all the fault surfaces.
    [0010]
    10. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the limits comprise one or more of the internal and external limits, said limits comprising the modeling limits for generating the simulation grid that represents the subsurface reservoir elements , said internal limits being included in the geological model and said external limits comprising auxiliary modeling limits for the geological model.
    [0011]
    11. Method according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that it additionally comprises the management of hydrocarbons in a hydrocarbon reservoir (120) using the three-dimensional simulation grid.
    [0012]
    12. Simulation grid formation apparatus to generate a grid for a reservoir model, comprising: a) a geological model comprising horizons, boundaries and multiple geological grid cells representing a three-dimensional grid structured with the k-columns of the cells; b) a pre-image corresponding to the geological grid cells, said pre-image comprising a surface representative of a geometry of the geological model area, said modeling limits being mapped on said surface; c) a generator to generate a limited two-dimensional grid on the pre-image, the limited two-dimensional grid comprising multiple grid cells, the two-dimensional grid cells include identifiers that correspond to the geological grid cells; d) simulation layer boundaries of said geological model identified within each k-column and a projector to design each vertex or cell center for each of the two-dimensional grid cells limited to said simulation layer boundaries within the k-column corresponding; and e) a generator to generate prismatic cells from the two-dimensional grid to form the three-dimensional simulation grid along k-columns of the structured three-dimensional grid of the geological model; and characterized by means adapted to construct the pre-image: f) defining a continuous surface of a base horizon through one or more faults; g) smoothing the said continuous base horizon; and h) projecting said continuous base horizon onto a plane to form the pre-image, and the pre-image comprising multiple vertices.
    [0013]
    13. Apparatus according to claim 12, characterized in that the grid forming apparatus is based on a computer.
    [0014]
    14. Apparatus according to claim 12, characterized by the fact that the limits comprise at least one of the internal and external limits, and the internal limits comprising the modeling limits for generating the simulation grid that represents the reservoir elements of subsurface, and the external limits comprising the auxiliary modeling limits for the reservoir.
    [0015]
    15. Reservoir simulator, characterized by the fact that it comprises: a grid forming apparatus as defined in claim 12; computer-based transfer means for transferring the reservoir properties to the three-dimensional simulation grid; and a processor to simulate the chemical and physical processes related to the production of hydrocarbons in the three-dimensional simulation based on at least state variables and state parameters for each grid cell in the three-dimensional simulation grid.
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    同族专利:
    公开号 | 公开日
    CN102612682B|2016-04-27|
    US10061060B2|2018-08-28|
    BR112012009045A2|2016-04-19|
    CA2776487C|2017-02-14|
    US20120215513A1|2012-08-23|
    EP2499567A4|2017-09-06|
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    CA2776487A1|2011-05-19|
    WO2011059535A1|2011-05-19|
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    2019-01-15| B06F| Objections, documents and/or translations needed after an examination request according art. 34 industrial property law|
    2019-07-30| B06U| Preliminary requirement: requests with searches performed by other patent offices: suspension of the patent application procedure|
    2020-06-30| B06A| Notification to applicant to reply to the report for non-patentability or inadequacy of the application according art. 36 industrial patent law|
    2020-10-13| B09A| Decision: intention to grant|
    2020-12-08| B16A| Patent or certificate of addition of invention granted|Free format text: PRAZO DE VALIDADE: 10 (DEZ) ANOS CONTADOS A PARTIR DE 08/12/2020, OBSERVADAS AS CONDICOES LEGAIS. |
    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    US26058909P| true| 2009-11-12|2009-11-12|
    US61/260,589|2009-11-12|
    PCT/US2010/043462|WO2011059535A1|2009-11-12|2010-07-28|Method and apparatus for reservoir modeling and simulation|
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